async_hooks: add using scopes to AsyncLocalStorage

[Qard]

Adds support for using scope = storage.withScope(data) to do the equivalent of a storage.run(data, fn) with using syntax. This enables avoiding unnecessary closures.

cc @nodejs/diagnostics

[Flarna]

I guess this replaces #58104 right?

[Qard]

Ah, yes. Forgot that one existed. 😅

[github-actions]

Failed to start CI

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   ✘  Refusing to run CI on potentially unsafe PR

https://github.com/nodejs/node/actions/runs/21678728231

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 89.76%. Comparing base (5e818c9) to head (de68dc5).
⚠️ Report is 60 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #61674      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   89.74%   89.76%   +0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         674      676       +2     
  Lines      204389   204681     +292     
  Branches    39280    39327      +47     
==========================================
+ Hits       183424   183742     +318     
+ Misses      13264    13239      -25     
+ Partials     7701     7700       -1     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...nternal/async_local_storage/async_context_frame.js	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
lib/internal/async_local_storage/async_hooks.js	98.03% <100.00%> (+0.08%)	⬆️
lib/internal/async_local_storage/run_scope.js	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)

... and 61 files with indirect coverage changes

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[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/71216/