feat: remove python 3.9

[FilipPyrek]

Summary by CodeRabbit

• Chores

  • Updated default Python baseline from 3.9 to 3.10.
  • Added support for Python 3.11, 3.12, and 3.13.
  • Removed Python 3.9 support and related legacy image/build artifacts.

• CI / Workflows

  • Adjusted workflows and build matrices to use 3.10 as the IR baseline and include the expanded Python matrix.
  • Increased CI step timeouts for several long-running build and push jobs.

• Documentation

  • Updated supported tags and usage notes to reflect the new Python versions.

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[coderabbitai]

📝 Walkthrough

Walkthrough

This pull request removes Python 3.9 support and sets Python 3.10 as the baseline across the repository. CI (.circleci/config.yml) timeouts for long-running steps were increased and Python version matrices/defaults updated to 3.10–3.13. Dockerfiles (ir/ir-base and python/conda) now use ARG PYTHON_VERSION=3.10. The file python/python/Dockerfile.python3.9 was removed. Documentation in python/readme.md and supported tags were updated to reflect the new Python versions.

🚥 Pre-merge checks | ✅ 3

✅ Passed checks (3 passed)

Check name	Status	Explanation
Description Check	✅ Passed	Check skipped - CodeRabbit’s high-level summary is enabled.
Title check	✅ Passed	The title directly and clearly describes the main change: removing Python 3.9 support across Dockerfiles, CI config, and documentation.
Docstring Coverage	✅ Passed	No functions found in the changed files to evaluate docstring coverage. Skipping docstring coverage check.

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[coderabbitai]

Actionable comments posted: 2

🤖 Fix all issues with AI agents

In `@python/readme.md`:
- Around line 5-6: The Markdown heading "Supported Tags and Respective
Dockerfile Links" lacks a blank line after it; update the section by inserting a
single blank line immediately after the heading (i.e., after "# Supported Tags
and Respective Dockerfile Links") so the following list line with the tags
renders correctly and satisfies markdownlint.
- Around line 6-7: The referenced constraint files (URLs
https://tk.deepnote.com/constraints3.10.txt through constraints3.13.txt) are
missing and breaking builds; either deploy the missing constraint files at those
exact URLs or remove the --constraint references and README links that point to
them. Update python/readme.md to stop linking the nonexistent constraint URLs
and edit the Dockerfiles that reference these constraints (e.g., the Dockerfiles
in python/python and python/datascience/Dockerfile.datascience) to either (a)
remove the pip --constraint <url> flags or (b) replace them with valid hosted
constraint files; ensure the Dockerfile pip install lines and README entries
consistently reflect the chosen fix.

[FilipPyrek]

The check R with libs 4.4.3 has been running for 30 mins already and it's still building and logging. 🤔 and it times out

[m1so]

@FilipPyrek long build times were caused by not compiling R packages with using multiple cores (see: #67)

pre-compiled packages could be used as well, but we'd need to update from Debian Bullseye to Bookworm (https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases)