chore(clerk-js): Backport CHIPS removal to release/core-2

[brkalow]

Summary

• Backports dc886a9 from main to release/core-2
• Removes the CHIPS build variant and replaces it with an environment flag (usePartitionedCookies) for partitioned cookies
• Cookie handlers (session, devBrowser, clientUat) now accept options to dynamically determine partitioned cookie behavior based on the environment configuration

Test plan

• Verify clerk-js builds successfully
• Verify partitioned cookie behavior works correctly via environment flag
• Run clerk-js tests

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
clerk-js-sandbox	Building	Preview, Comment	Feb 26, 2026 7:57pm

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 9fbb97d

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 22 packages

Name	Type
@clerk/clerk-js	Patch
@clerk/shared	Patch
@clerk/chrome-extension	Patch
@clerk/clerk-expo	Patch
@clerk/agent-toolkit	Patch
@clerk/astro	Patch
@clerk/backend	Patch
@clerk/elements	Patch
@clerk/expo-passkeys	Patch
@clerk/express	Patch
@clerk/fastify	Patch
@clerk/nextjs	Patch
@clerk/nuxt	Patch
@clerk/react-router	Patch
@clerk/clerk-react	Patch
@clerk/remix	Patch
@clerk/tanstack-react-start	Patch
@clerk/testing	Patch
@clerk/themes	Patch
@clerk/types	Patch
@clerk/vue	Patch
@clerk/localizations	Patch

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commit: 9fbb97d